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Gilles Duceppe

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Gilles Duceppe
Duceppe in 2011
Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition
In office
March 15, 1997 – June 1, 1997
MonarchElizabeth II
Prime MinisterJean Chrétien
Preceded byMichel Gauthier
Succeeded byPreston Manning
In office
January 16, 1996 – February 17, 1996
MonarchElizabeth II
Prime MinisterJean Chrétien
Preceded byLucien Bouchard
Succeeded byMichel Gauthier
Leader of the Bloc Québécois
In office
June 10, 2015 – October 22, 2015
Preceded byMario Beaulieu
Succeeded byRhéal Fortin (interim)
In office
March 15, 1997 – May 2, 2011
Preceded byMichel Gauthier
Succeeded byVivian Barbot (interim)
In office
January 16, 1996 – February 17, 1996 (interim)
Preceded byLucien Bouchard
Succeeded byMichel Gauthier
Member of the Canadian Parliament
for Laurier—Sainte-Marie
In office
August 13, 1990 – May 2, 2011
Preceded byJean-Claude Malépart
Succeeded byHélène Laverdière
Personal details
Born (1947-07-22) July 22, 1947 (age 77)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Political partyBloc Québécois
Other political
affiliations		Workers' Communist Party of Canada (formerly)
Independent (1990-1993)
SpouseYolande Brunelle
ChildrenAmélie, Alexis
Profession
Signature

Gilles Duceppe (French pronunciation: [ʒil dzysɛp]; born July 22, 1947) is a retired Canadian politician, proponent of the Quebec sovereignty movement and former leader of the Bloc Québécois. He was a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of Canada for over 20 years and was the leader of the sovereigntist Bloc Québécois for 15 years in three stints: 1996, 1997-2011 and in 2015. He was Leader of the Official Opposition in the Parliament of Canada from March 17, 1997, to June 1, 1997. He resigned as party leader after the 2011 election, in which he lost his own seat to New Democratic Party (NDP) candidate Hélène Laverdière and his party suffered a heavy defeat; however, he returned four years later to lead the party into the 2015 election.[1][2] After being defeated in his own riding by Laverdière again, he resigned once more.[3]

Early life and education

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Duceppe was born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Hélène (née Rowley) and actor Jean Duceppe. His maternal grandfather was John James Rowley, British by birth, Irish by descent, and a home child.[4] Duceppe once joked about his British roots, saying, "I'm a bloke who turned Bloc."[5]

Duceppe has told the story of an anglophone Grade 6 teacher slapping him after he complained about preferential treatment being given to anglophone students.[6] Duceppe claimed he slapped the teacher back. He became a sovereigntist by the age of 20, inspired by René Lévesque and the founding of the Mouvement Souveraineté-Association.[7]

Duceppe completed his high school studies at the Collège Mont-Saint-Louis. He then studied political science at the Université de Montréal but did not complete his program of study. While attending the Université de Montréal, he became general manager of the school's newspaper, Quartier Latin. In his youth, he advocated communism, and held membership in the Workers' Communist Party of Canada (WCP), a Maoist group. Duceppe later claimed that his three-year membership in the WCP was a mistake brought on by a search for absolute answers.[7][8]

However, during this period (which lasted well into his thirties) he subscribed to militant Maoist ideology and was fired from his job as a hospital orderly for belligerent activities.[9][8] Duceppe even went so far as to intentionally spoil his 1980 sovereignty-association referendum ballot arguing that Québécois should instead focus their efforts on staying united to fight capitalism.[8]

Early career

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Before becoming a member of Parliament, Duceppe worked as a hospital orderly and later became a trade union negotiator. In 1968 he became vice-president of the Union générale des étudiants du Québec (General Union of Quebec Students) and in 1970 manager of the Université de Montréal student paper, Quartier latin. In 1972 he launched his career in community and union settings, as moderator for the citizen's committee of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, then in 1977 as a representative for the Royal Victoria Hospital employees. In 1981 he became a union organizer for the Confédération des syndicats nationaux (Confederation of National Trade Unions), where he became a negotiator in 1986.[8]

Parliament

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Election

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In 1990, Duceppe was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in a by-election for the eastern Montreal riding of Laurier—Sainte-Marie. He defeated Liberal Denis Coderre, who would later serve alongside Duceppe in Parliament before becoming Mayor of Montreal. Duceppe would be handily re-elected at each election from 1993 to 2008.

Tenure

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Duceppe originally sat as an independent because the Bloc had not been registered by Elections Canada as a political party. All of the Bloc's other Members of Parliament had crossed the floor from either the Progressive Conservative Party or the Liberal Party earlier that year. Duceppe's victory demonstrated — for the first time — that the party had electoral support in Quebec and could win elections. Previously, many pundits (and members of other parties) predicted that the Bloc would not gain traction with ordinary voters in Quebec.[10]

Leadership of the Bloc Québécois

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Gilles Duceppe during a 2007 protest.

In 1996, when Lucien Bouchard stepped down as Bloc leader to become leader of the Parti Québécois, Duceppe served as interim leader of the party. Michel Gauthier eventually became the official leader later that year. However, Gauthier's lack of visibility in both Quebec and English Canada coupled with his weak leadership resulted in the party forcing him out in 1997. Duceppe won the ensuing leadership contest and became the official leader of the Bloc Québécois and Leader of the Opposition.[8]

In the 1997 general election, the Bloc lost official opposition status, slipping to third place in the House of Commons behind Preston Manning's Reform Party. During the campaign, Duceppe visited a cheese factory where he was photographed wearing a hairnet resembling a shower cap, which was widely parodied on Canadian television.[8][11]

The Bloc lost more support during the 2000 election, winning just 38 seats. Over this period, critics derided Duceppe as an ineffectual campaigner, though no serious challenge to his leadership emerged.[8]

When Jean Chrétien stepped down as Prime Minister, to be succeeded by Paul Martin, the Bloc's fortunes improved markedly, particularly after the sponsorship scandal erupted. Duceppe strongly criticized the Liberals over the misuse and misdirection of public funds intended for government advertising in Quebec. During the election's national debates, Duceppe's lucid explanations of Bloc Québécois policies and his chastising of the other national party leaders' promises, resulted in both the French and English media ruling him the best speaker. In the 2004 election, Duceppe's Bloc won 54 seats in the Commons, equalling what it had won in its 1993 breakthrough, while Martin's Liberals were reduced to a minority government.

With Chrétien's departure, Duceppe became the longest-serving leader of a major party in Canada. With the recent success of the Bloc, and his recently well-received performance as leader, speculation mounted that Duceppe might seek the leadership of the Parti Québécois – particularly when Bernard Landry stepped down as party leader on June 4, 2005. On June 13, 2005, Duceppe announced that he would not run for the leadership of the PQ.[12]

Gilles Duceppe discussing with a voter during the 2011 federal election campaign.

Duceppe's Bloc, along with the Stephen Harper's Conservatives and Jack Layton's NDP, worked together on November 28, 2005 to pass a motion of no confidence in the minority Liberal government of Prime Minister Paul Martin after findings in the Sponsorship Scandal. In the resultant 2006 federal election, many Bloc insiders believed that Duceppe's popularity, combined with the unpopularity of the federal Liberal Party in Quebec, would push the Bloc Québécois over the symbolic majority vote mark among Quebec voters. Many Quebec separatists felt that a strong performance by the Bloc in the 2006 federal election would boost the sovereignty movement and perhaps set the stage for a new referendum on secession after the anticipated Quebec provincial election expected in 2007. In actuality, a late surge in Conservative and federalist support kept the Bloc's share of the popular vote below 43% giving the Bloc only 51 seats.[13] The Conservatives' gains in Quebec, as well as Ontario, gave the party enough seats to form a minority government with Harper as prime minister, replacing the Liberals' Paul Martin. The unimpressive and lackluster results on election night called into question the level of separatist support in Quebec.

In the March 26, 2007 Quebec provincial election, the Parti Québécois found itself reduced to third place in the National Assembly of Quebec, behind both the governing Quebec Liberal Party and the opposition Action démocratique du Québec. Following this disappointing result, the PQ leader, André Boisclair, announced his resignation on May 8, 2007. Duceppe confirmed on May 11, 2007, that he would seek the PQ leadership[14] but the next day he withdrew from the race.[15] After his withdrawal, Duceppe announced that he would support two-time leadership hopeful Pauline Marois.[16]

2008 federal election

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In the 2008 federal election, Duceppe led the Bloc Québécois to 49 seats, up one from its pre-dissolution standing of 48.[17] However, the Bloc's share of the popular vote fell again, to 38%, its lowest result since 1997. After the election, Liberals and NDP reached a deal form a minority coalition government with support from the Bloc Québécois, which would have toppled the minority Conservative government, however the Governor General agreed to prorogue parliament before the vote could take place. After prorogation, the Liberals underwent a change in leadership and distanced themselves from the coalition agreement and supported the Conservatives' budget. However Duceppe's Bloc and Jack Layton's NDP remained committed to voting against the Conservatives.

2011 federal election and resignation

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In 2011, the Bloc cooperated with the Liberals and NDP to find the Conservative government in contempt of Parliament, after all three opposition parties indicated that they would not accept the Conservatives' budget, leading Prime Minister Harper to request the dissolution of parliament. The Bloc demanded $5 billion for the province, including compensation for damages from the January 1998 North American ice storm and $175 million towards a new hockey arena to bring back the Quebec Nordiques, which the Conservatives dismissed outright.[18][19][20]

In the resultant 2011 federal election, the Bloc lost 43 of their 47 seats—including many seats they'd held since their 1993 breakthrough—cutting them down to a rump of four MPs and losing official party status. Much of that support bled to the NDP, who ascended from fourth place to second place to become the Official Opposition, largely by winning 59 seats in Quebec which included a sweep of the Bloc's heartlands in Quebec City and eastern Montreal. The NDP, which entered the election with Outremont MP Tom Mulcair as their only elected representative in the province, had surged in the last weeks of the campaign at the expense of the Bloc due to NDP leader Jack Layton's charismatic personality and leftist nationalism policies, while Bloc "over the years defend[ed] Quebec's interests, but the sovereigntist agenda is no longer very relevant".[21] Duceppe lost his own seat to NDP challenger Hélène Laverdière by 5,400 votes.

Accepting responsibility for the Bloc's crushing defeat, Duceppe announced his pending resignation as Bloc leader soon after the result was beyond doubt. He remained defiant, however, vowing not to rest "until Quebec becomes a country".[22]

Spending allegations

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In January 2012, Duceppe was accused of having used funds designated for his parliamentary office to pay the Bloc Québécois' general manager over a seven-year period. Duceppe denied any wrongdoing when testifying before the House of Commons Board of Internal Economy in February.[23] In November 2012, the partisan House of Commons Board of Internal Economy found that Duceppe misused funds. However, the board cannot take disciplinary action as the money was spent before the by-laws around the issue were changed.[24]

Retirement and brief return to politics

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Duceppe has worked as a political analyst since his departure from parliament. In 2014, he denounced comments made by newly elected Bloc leader Mario Beaulieu in which he seemingly dismissed the Bloc under Duceppe as having followed a gradualist strategy for achieving sovereignty which Beaulieu characterised as defeatist and for invoking the phrase "nous vaincrons" (we will vanquish), which was a slogan employed by the paramilitary Front de libération du Québec.[25]

After two years of further decline in the polls and internal divisions, it was announced June 10, 2015 that Duceppe would be returning to lead the Bloc into the campaign while his successor, Mario Beaulieu would relinquish the leadership but remain party president.[26][27] The party executive agreed on June 9, 2015, to split the positions of president and party leader in order to facilitate Duceppe's return. The changes were ratified by the party's general council[28] on July 1.[29][30]

On August 1, 2015, it was reported that Duceppe had decided to contest his former riding of Laurier-Sainte-Marie in the upcoming federal election and that he would announce this in a press conference shortly after the election was called, which occurred on August 2.[31] However, while leading his party to a win of 10 seats in the October 19, 2015 election, up from two, Duceppe was personally defeated in his riding and announced his resignation as leader several days later.[32]

Duceppe's son Alexis Brunelle-Duceppe was elected to parliament in the 2019 federal election.[33] In 2024, he commented on Trudeau saying Liberals "don't have another choice" for leader before the 45th Canadian federal election.[34]

Electoral record

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Canadian federal by-election, August 13, 1990: Laurier—Sainte-Marie
Death of Jean-Claude Malépart
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Gilles Duceppe 16,818 66.9
Liberal Denis Coderre 4,812 19.1 −19.9
New Democratic Louise O'Neill 1,821 7.2 −14.4
Progressive Conservative Christian Fortin 1,120 4.5 −25.2
Green Michel Szabo 395 1.6 −1.9
Independent Daniel Perreault 123 0.5
Independent Rejean Robidoux 42 0.2
Total valid votes 25,131 100.0
1993 Canadian federal election: Laurier—Sainte-Marie
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Bloc Québécois Gilles Duceppe 25,060 61.79 $39,969
Liberal Robert Desbiens 9,940 24.51 −14.56 $41,625
Progressive Conservative Yvan Routhier 2,156 5.32 −24.34 $19,947
New Democratic Alain Gravel 1,237 3.05 −18.57 $5,169
Green John Tromp 1,050 2.59 −0.93 $1,304
Natural Law Pierre Bergeron 652 1.61 $0
Marxist–Leninist Normand Chouinard 205 0.51 +0.19 $80
Communist League Michel Dugré 131 0.32 $507
Commonwealth of Canada Sophie Brassard 127 0.31 +0.12 $0
Total valid votes 40,558 100.00
Total rejected ballots 1,592
Turnout 42,150 71.29 +1.96
Electors on the lists 59,126
Source: Thirty-fifth General Election, 1993: Official Voting Results, Published by the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada. Financial figures taken from the official contributions and expenses submitted by the candidates, provided by Elections Canada. Percentage change figures are made in relation to the 1988 general election, not the 1990 by-election.
1997 Canadian federal election: Laurier—Sainte-Marie
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Bloc Québécois Gilles Duceppe 26,546 54.7 −7.0
Liberal David Ly 11,154 23.0 −1.6
Progressive Conservative Yanick Deschênes 5,808 12.0 +6.6
New Democratic François Degardin 2,180 4.5 +1.4
Independent François Gourd 1,255 2.6
Green Dylan Perceval-Maxwell 1,167 2.4 −0.2
Marxist–Leninist Serge Lachapelle 338 0.7 +0.2
Independent Mathieu Ravignat 123 0.3
Total valid votes 48,571 100.0
2000 Canadian federal election: Laurier—Sainte-Marie
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Bloc Québécois Gilles Duceppe 23,473 52.8 −1.9
Liberal Jean Philippe Côté 11,451 25.7 +2.8
Green Dylan Perceval-Maxwell 2,169 4.9 +2.5
Marijuana Marc-Boris St-Maurice 2,156 4.8
New Democratic Richard Chartier 2,121 4.8 +0.3
Progressive Conservative Jean François Tessier 1,879 4.2 −7.7
Alliance Stéphane Prud'homme 960 2.2
Marxist–Leninist Ginette Boutet 269 0.6 −0.1
Total valid votes 44,478 100.0
2004 Canadian federal election: Laurier
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Bloc Québécois Gilles Duceppe 28,728 60.1 +7.3 $69,284
Liberal Jean-François Thibault 8,454 17.7 −8.1 $52,945
New Democratic François Grégoire 5,779 12.1 +7.3 $5,400
Green Dylan Perceval-Maxwell 2,912 6.1 +1.2 $2,801
Conservative Pierre Albert 1,224 2.6 −3.8 $4,658
Marijuana Nicky Tanguay 572 1.2 −3.7
Marxist–Leninist Ginette Boutet 154 0.3 −0.3
Total valid votes/expense limit 47,823 100.0 $79,214
Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in the 2000 election in the riding of Laurier—Sainte-Marie.
2006 Canadian federal election: Laurier—Sainte-Marie
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Bloc Québécois Gilles Duceppe 26,773 54.69 −5.4 $74,181
New Democratic François Grégoire 8,165 16.67 +4.6 $20,195
Liberal Soeung Tang 6,095 12.45 −5.2 $12,436
Green Dylan Perceval-Maxwell 4,064 8.30 +2.2 $2,265
Conservative Carlos De Sousa 3,124 6.38 +3.8 $15,665
Marijuana Nicky Tanguay 338 0.69 −0.5
Independent Jocelyne Leduc 157 0.32 *
Marxist–Leninist Ginette Boutet 137 0.27 −0.0
Communist Evelyn Elizabeth Ruiz 100 0.20 * $926
Total valid votes/expense limit 48,953 100.00 $79,692
Total rejected ballots 392 0.79
Turnout 49,345 61.26
2008 Canadian federal election: Laurier—Sainte-Marie
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Bloc Québécois Gilles Duceppe 24,103 50.24 −4.45 $71,127
Liberal Sébastien Caron 8,798 18.33 +5.88 $30,225
New Democratic François Grégoire 8,209 17.11 +0.44 $31,151
Green Dylan Perceval-Maxwell 3,801 7.92 −0.38 $7,171
Conservative Charles K. Langford 2,320 4.83 −1.55 $5,590
Rhinoceros François Yo Gourd 447 0.93 $388
Marxist–Leninist Serge Lachapelle 118 0.24 −0.03
Independent Daniel "F4J" Laforest 93 0.19 –
Communist Samie Pagé-Quirion 86 0.17 −0.03 $898
Total valid votes/expense limit 47,975 100.00 $84,641
Total rejected ballots 406 0.84
Turnout 48,381 61.10
2011 Canadian federal election: Laurier—Sainte-Marie
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Hélène Laverdière 23,373 46.64 +29.53 $22,982
Bloc Québécois Gilles Duceppe 17,991 35.90 −14.34 $81,167
Liberal Philippe Allard 4,976 9.93 −8.40 $16,728
Conservative Charles K. Langford 1,764 3.52 −1.31 $4,611
Green Olivier Adam 1,324 2.64 −5.28 $1,532
Rhinoceros François Yo Gourd 398 0.79 −0.14 none listed
Communist Sylvain Archambault 137 0.27 +0.10 $1,606
Marxist–Leninist Serge Lachapelle 77 0.15 −0.09 none listed
Independent Dimitri Mourkes 73 0.15 none listed
Total valid votes/expense limit 50,113 100.00
Total rejected ballots 471 0.93
Turnout 50,584 63.41
Electors on the lists 79,772
New Democratic gain from Bloc Québécois Swing +21.94%
Source: Official Results, Elections Canada and Financial Returns, Elections Canada.
2015 Canadian federal election: Laurier—Sainte-Marie
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Hélène Laverdière 18,129 37.76% -8.88 –
Bloc Québécois Gilles Duceppe 13,565 28.25% -7.65 –
Liberal Christine Poirier 11,729 24.43% +14.50 –
Conservative Daniel Gaudreau 2,048 4.26% +0.74 –
Green Cyrille Giraud 1,673 3.48% +0.84 –
Libertarian Stéphane Beaulieu 541 1.13% – –
Independent Julien Bernatchez 143 0.30% +0.15 –
Marxist–Leninist Serge Lachapelle 95 0.20% +0.05 –
Communist Pierre Fontaine 90 0.19% -0.08 –
Total valid votes/Expense limit – 100.0     $221,434.26
Total rejected ballots – – –
Turnout 48,013 57.34% –
Eligible voters 83,730
Source: Elections Canada[35][36]

References

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  1. ^ "Duceppe quits after BQ crushed in Quebec". CBC News. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  2. ^ "Willingness to be united - pushed Gilles Duceppe to accept Bloc Québécois leadership". Montreal Gazette. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  3. ^ "Bloc Québécois Leader Gilles Duceppe to step down". cbc.ca. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  4. ^ "Former Bloc leader Duceppe rallies for rights of British Home Children". Montreal Gazette. 2017-02-27. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
  5. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Gilles Duceppe on Quebec Sovereignty". YouTube. 2010-04-08. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
  6. ^ "Gilles Duceppe, elegant separatist". CBC News. 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  7. ^ a b "Gilles Duceppe: Leader, Bloc Québécois". CBC.ca. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g "The Globe and Mail on Duceppe". The Globe and Mail. 14 June 2004. Archived from the original on September 1, 2004. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
  9. ^ "Quebec election: Lisée admits he flirted with communism in university".
  10. ^ "Gilles Duceppe: a pledge to sovereignty". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Digital Archives. 23 September 1990. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  11. ^ "Gilles Duceppe's hairnet raises eyebrows". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Digital Archives. 9 June 1997. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  12. ^ "CBC News Indepth: Parti Quebecois Timeline". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 November 2005. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  13. ^ "Conservatives make breakthrough in Quebec; Bloc wins 51 seats". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 January 2006. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  14. ^ "Duceppe, Marois will run for the PQ's top spot". CBC News. 11 May 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  15. ^ "Duceppe drops out of PQ race". CBC News. 2007-05-12. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
  16. ^ "Gilles Duceppe se retire". Lcn.canoe.com. 2009-04-23. Archived from the original on 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
  17. ^ "Harper 'very pleased' with stronger minority". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 October 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  18. ^ White, Marianne (January 30, 2011). "Tory majority dream faces still opponent". Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa, Ontario. Postmedia News. Retrieved December 29, 2023 – via PressReader.
  19. ^ "Bloc wants $175M for Quebec City arena | CBC News".
  20. ^ Hamilton, Graeme (26 March 2011). "Graeme Hamilton: Parties lower their Quebec expectations". National Post.
  21. ^ McKenna, Barrie; Marotte, Bertrand (25 April 2011). "Layton's leftist nationalism wins hearts and minds in Quebec". The Globe and Mail.
  22. ^ "Duceppe resigns as Bloc leader after losing riding". The Globe and Mail. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  23. ^ "Ex-Bloc leader's testimony raises more questions". CBC News. 13 February 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  24. ^ "Commons board finds ex-BQ leader Duceppe misused House funds". CBC News. 27 November 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  25. ^ "Duceppe croit que le chef du Bloc devrait rectifier certains de ses propos". August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  26. ^ "DUCEPPE, Gilles". House of Commons of Canada. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  27. ^ "Gilles Duceppe returns to lead Bloc Quebecois". CTV News. June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
  28. ^ "Gilles Duceppe announces return to Bloc Québécois leadership". CBC News. June 10, 2015.
  29. ^ "On Canada Day, Duceppe officially takes over Bloc Québécois".
  30. ^ "Returning Bloc leader Gilles Duceppe targets NDP for fall election". Globe and Mail. June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
  31. ^ "Gilles Duceppe devrait se présenter dans Laurier Sainte-Marie". Le Devoir. August 1, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  32. ^ "Bloc makes gains, but Gilles Duceppe loses his riding".
  33. ^ Raphaël Lavoie, "Gilles Duceppe apprend la victoire de son fils dans un émouvant moment de télé". Le Journal de Québec, October 22, 2019.
  34. ^ "Liberals unhappy with Trudeau 'don't have another choice': ex-BQ leader - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 2024-10-21.
  35. ^ "Voter Information Service - Who are the candidates in my electoral district?".
  36. ^ Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates Archived August 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
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